Showing posts with label Sexism. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Sexism. Show all posts

Tuesday, June 18, 2013

Nanny State Gone Wild—More Stupid Rules to Make School More Unpleasant



Image from Flickr, by KazVorpal

Last week, in her column “The Answer Sheet,” Valerie Straus listed “eight weird things schools banned this year.” Some of the bans were absurd overreactions to freak accidents that were unlikely to ever occur again and that could be averted much more simply through greater caution by students and teachers. For example, frilly socks were banned at Kingshold Primary School in Gloucester, England, after a child tripped over her dangles and fell, according to the Independent. In another bizarre example, Castle View School in Essex, England, prohibited triangular flapjacks (in England, flapjacks are hard cookies, not pancakes) after one was tossed and hit a student in the eye, the independent reported. To “solve” this dangerous problem, school officials are now requiring that flapjacks be square—apparently these officials had cut geometry class the day they talked about how squares have more sharp corners than triangles.

Other bans stemmed from the hysteria over bullying, (here and here), and are equally misguided. The Eagle-Tribune wrote that the Wyndham School District in New Hampshire, for example, has banned dodge ball and other “human target” games as a way to reduce bullying. Yet bullying (as well as run of the mill teasing, harassing and meanness) can occur in virtually any game or sport. A child can choose to slide tackle in soccer out of poor sportsmanship, vindictiveness or outright hatred of the victim. A batter or runner can be hit by the ball in baseball, kickball or softball for similar reasons. A person jumping rope can be deliberately tripped by the rope turners. A person playing hopscotch can be tripped by pebbles or a banana peel tossed onto the playing field. Where does it end?

However, another way of parsing this perplexing ban is that dodge ball does not just provide an opportunity for a few bullies to gang up on one kid. It also provides an opportunity for a kid with any grievance whatsoever, including having been victimized by bullies, to target his tormentor in return. However, it seems like Wyndham School District is assuming that the victims of bullying truly are the feeble weaklings their tormentors say they are and, therefore, lack the capability of fighting back on the playing field (or the common sense to opt out of contact sports in which their tormentors are playing).

The other great hysteria around children—molestation (see here, and here)—has led to the banning of adult hugging in St. Mary’s County Public Schools, in Maryland, according to Southern Maryland News. According to the ban, adults may hug any child they wish, as long as it’s their own, but better keep their slimy, pervy hands off of everyone else’s children. While this might seem a prudent rule for teachers of middle and high school students to avoid any perception of prurient interest in the students, the situation is significantly different for elementary school teachers, whose students have much greater need for regular physical reassurances that they are loved and cared for. Personally, I do not want my son in a kindergarten class with an icy robot teacher who tells him to put on his own bandage, wipe his own tears and just go grab a hug from his friend whenever he’s feeling insecure or sad.

Speaking of prurient interest, thank God Kenilworth Junior High school, in Petaluma, California, has had the hindsight to ban girls’ leggings (stretch pants) which, when they bend over and the fabric stretches, provide more hindsight for their classmates than the fashion police feel is tolerable. ABC News suggested it was causing “distractions” in the classroom (i.e., boys, and no doubt some girls, too, were more interested in their classmates’ butts than their history lessons). This reminds me of my own school days, when only the most popular brands of tight-fitting pants and shorts were banned for similar reasons. Of course this begs the question: if teenagers are more interested in each other’s butts than the curriculum, shouldn’t something be done to make the curriculum more exciting and meaningful to them? It also highlights a fact that most adults and educators are constantly trying to suppress or deny: Teenagers are sexual beings. They have lusts, like adults. Banning one particular style of clothing will not change this. They will still be titillated by their peers’ looks and think about how cute so and so is, even after banning every other provocative and popular article of clothing for our students own protection.

Every generation comes up with its own popular genre of music and older generations routinely poo poo it as trash. . . When I was young. . . that was real music back then! Lawrence Welk and Frank Sinatra kick ass on Elvis and Frankie. But wait, what about the 60s? Music then was revolutionary. It was political. It was part of the anti-war movement, and today’s music is just a bunch of misogynistic, homophobic, violence-glorifying dreck. And why should our schools promote such anti-social messages? Thus, Arcadia High School in Southern California has banned Lady Gaga’s “Starstruck,” as well as 19 other songs at prom, because they are degrading to women.

While there is certainly some logic and perhaps even ethical basis for avoiding overtly misogynistic music, it is, in reality, completely arbitrary and pointless. The overwhelming majority of popular music throughout history has been mindless dreck if you really pay attention to the lyrics, including during the “revolutionary” 60s, when the majority of songs were insipid odes to puppy love and rants about being jilted. And the 60s, as well as the 50s and most other generations have had a subset of music with antisocial, misogynistic, racist, homophobic and otherwise offensive lyrics (though sometimes the offensive lyrics are meant to be satirical). Banning 19 songs leaves the thousands of others that still violate whatever arbitrary moral guidelines the thought police have set.

St. Mary’s County Public schools has also banned birthday invitations so as to not make the uninvited kids feel bad. This reminds me of an administrator who said that kids’ names shouldn’t be written on the board to remind them they have detentions and that you should never tell a student he is failing because such forms of communication could humiliate students. It also reminds me about some anarchists in the 1990s who tried to create an End to Unhappiness Festival and movement.

Sorry folks, but unhappiness, embarrassment, feeling left out, and bad news are all unavoidable conditions of life. People die. Conflicts occur. Relationships end. Reformers make life harder for regular people.  . . “Daddy, where is Mommy?” . . . “Er, well son, she’s certainly not dead. You don’t have to worry about that. Absolutely not dead. Not in the slightest.  . . Hey, let’s make some birthday invitations.”

Obviously, as educators we have a responsibility to address academic and disciplinary matters with tact and appropriateness, including not deliberately humiliating a student. However, getting caught being naughty and earning an F are inherently embarrassing situations and, even if a teacher is tactful and appropriate in her response, a student may still end up feeling embarrassed. Likewise, does the school really believe that the uninvited kids aren’t going to find out about the party anyway and still feel bad?

All of these bans have far more to do with social control, prejudice and paranoia about lawsuits than protecting children. This is perhaps best illustrated by Strauss’ last example, where two students’ pictures were removed from the yearbook at White Cloud High School in Michigan because their “baby bumps” (i.e., pregnant bellies) “sent a bad message to other students. However, according to New York Magazine, Superintendent Barry Seabrook felt that the girls’ photos would be an advertisement that their abstinence-based sex education program was a failure. So much for “evidence-based” education reform.

Monday, June 10, 2013

Today in Labor History—June 10


Burning of the frigate Philadelphia in Tripoli Harbor, by Edward Moran
June 10, 1801 – Tripoli declared war on the U.S., for refusing to pay tribute to their pirates, and the U.S. attacked, in the “First Libyan War.” U.S. forces attacked by land and sea, forcing Tripoli to accept peace in June, 1805. (From the Daily Bleed)

June 10, 1892 – A massive strike by miners occurred in Coeur d'Alenes, Idaho. In order to prevent scabs from working the mines while they were on strike, workers destroyed & seized mines. The strike was broken after the state declared martial law. (From the Daily Bleed)
King Alexander and Queen Dragia
 June 10, 1903 – King Alexander I and Queen Dragia of Serbia were assassinated. (From the Daily Bleed)

June 10, 1904 – 79 striking Colorado miners were "deported" to Kansas, following a battle between the Colorado Militia and striking miners at Dunnville. The battle ended with six union members dead and 15 taken prisoner. Dozens were arrested without warrants and held without formal charges.
(From the Daily Bleed)

June 10, 1917 –A massive citywide textile strike for better wages and working conditions began in Sao Paulo, lasting over a month. Workers tried to appeal to the sympathies of police and soldiers, but when this failed openly confronted them. By July they were joined by striking cab drivers, utility workers and craft workers, totaling over 20,000 on strike. (From the Daily Bleed)

June 10, 1928 – Maurice Sendak, author of Where the Wild Things Are, was born, Brooklyn, New York. (From the Daily Bleed)

June 10, 1940 – African liberationist Marcus Garvey died in London. (From the Daily Bleed)

June 10, 1960 – Thousands of council workers and revolutionary students surrounded the entourage of U.S. Presidential Press Secretary Hagerty at Haneda airport in Tokyo. Hagerty had to be rescued by a US marine helicopter, while the pro-imperialist government of Japan collapsed in embarrassment. President Eisenhower, fearing for his life, cancelled his July visit. (From the Daily Bleed)

June 10, 1963 - The Equal Pay Act was signed into law by President John F. Kennedy. The law prohibits employers from paying men and women different wages for the same job. (From Workday Minnesota)


June 10, 1971 – Police and death squads killed 43 student protesters in México City. (again). In 1968, the government massacred hundreds of students and bystanders in the Tlatelolco massacre (From the Daily Bleed)

Tuesday, May 28, 2013

Today in Labor History—May 28


Grachus Babeuf
May 28, 1797 – Revolutionary Gracchus Babeuf was executed (1760-1797). Babeuf formed a secret society that plotted to overthrow the government, known as the Conspiracy of the Equals. The group included Sylvain Maréchal, Jacques Roux, Jean Varlet and others. (From the Daily Bleed)

May 28, 1879 – The First American law prohibiting employment of women was passed to prevent women from working in Illinois, in coal mines. (From the Daily Bleed)

May 28, 1937 – Petroleum workers struck in Mexico. (From the Daily Bleed)

May 28, 1946 –A General Strike shut down Rochester, New York. (From the Daily Bleed)

May 28, 1967 – Schoolteachers returned to work after a 6-day strike. (From the Daily Bleed)

May 28, 1968 – Students occupied the University of Madrid (still under control of fascist dictator Francisco Franco). Cops raided the campus and removed the occupiers, and then shut down the University. (From the Daily Bleed)

Wednesday, December 12, 2012

Today in Labor History—December 12



December 12, 1805 - William Lloyd Garrison was born on this date. Garrison was a leader in the abolition movement and published the Liberator, which had as its motto: "Our country is the world—our countrymen are mankind." (FromWorkday Minnesota)

December 12, 1973 – Women members of United Steelworkers of America (Local 1066) protested sex discrimination, in Gary, Indiana. (From the Daily Bleed)

Sunday, June 10, 2012

Today in Labor History—June 10


Burning of the frigate Philadelphia in Tripoli Harbor, by Edward Moran
June 10, 1801 – Tripoli declared war on the U.S., for refusing to pay tribute to their pirates, and the U.S. attacked, in the “First Libyan War.” U.S. forces attacked by land and sea, forcing Tripoli to accept peace in June, 1805. (From the Daily Bleed)

June 10, 1892 – A massive strike by miners occurred in Coeur d'Alenes, Idaho. In order to prevent scabs from working the mines while they were on strike, workers destroyed & seized mines. The strike was broken after the state declared martial law. (From the Daily Bleed)
King Alexander and Queen Dragia
 June 10, 1903 – King Alexander I and Queen Dragia of Serbia were assassinated. (From the Daily Bleed)

June 10, 1904 – 79 striking Colorado miners were "deported" to Kansas, following a battle between the Colorado Militia and striking miners at Dunnville. The battle ended with six union members dead and 15 taken prisoner. Dozens were arrested without warrants and held without formal charges.
(From the Daily Bleed)

June 10, 1917 –A massive citywide textile strike for better wages and working conditions began in Sao Paulo, lasting over a month. Workers tried to appeal to the sympathies of police and soldiers, but when this failed openly confronted them. By July they were joined by striking cab drivers, utility workers and craft workers, totaling over 20,000 on strike. (From the Daily Bleed)

June 10, 1928 – Maurice Sendak, author of Where the Wild Things Are, was born, Brooklyn, New York. (From the Daily Bleed)

June 10, 1940 – African liberationist Marcus Garvey died in London. (From the Daily Bleed)

June 10, 1960 – Thousands of council workers and revolutionary students surrounded the entourage of U.S. Presidential Press Secretary Hagerty at Haneda airport in Tokyo. Hagerty had to be rescued by a US marine helicopter, while the pro-imperialist government of Japan collapsed in embarrassment. President Eisenhower, fearing for his life, cancelled his July visit. (From the Daily Bleed)

June 10, 1963 - The Equal Pay Act was signed into law by President John F. Kennedy. The law prohibits employers from paying men and women different wages for the same job. (From Workday Minnesota)


June 10, 1971 – Police and death squads killed 43 student protesters in México City. (again). In 1968, the government massacred hundreds of students and bystanders in the Tlatelolco massacre (From the Daily Bleed)

Monday, May 28, 2012

Today in Labor History—May 28

Grachus Babeuf
May 28, 1797 – Revolutionary Gracchus Babeuf was executed (1760-1797). Babeuf formed a secret society that plotted to overthrow the government, known as the Conspiracy of the Equals. The group included Sylvain Maréchal, Jacques Roux, Jean Varlet and others. (From the Daily Bleed)

May 28, 1879 – The First American law prohibiting employment of women was passed to prevent women from working in Illinois, in coal mines. (From the Daily Bleed)

May 28, 1937 – Petroleum workers struck in Mexico. (From the Daily Bleed)

May 28, 1946 –A General Strike shut down Rochester, New York. (From the Daily Bleed)

May 28, 1967 – Schoolteachers returned to work after a 6-day strike. (From the Daily Bleed)

May 28, 1968 – Students occupied the University of Madrid (still under control of fascist dictator Francisco Franco). Cops raided the campus and removed the occupiers, and then shut down the University. (From the Daily Bleed)

Thursday, February 23, 2012

Why Girls Don’t Go For STEM Careers


The Girl Scouts of Central Maryland hosting a STEM event (Image from Flickr, by RDECOM)
A new nationwide survey of 1,000 teen girls from the Girl Scout Research Institute suggests that girls are both interested in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) careers and have the confidence that they can succeed in these fields. The institute reports that nearly 75% of teen girls are already interested in STEM subjects at school, and 82% believe they're "smart enough to have a career in STEM."

Despite these numbers, only 20% of STEM jobs are filled by women, according to Good Education, which attributes this to girls’ ignorance about STEM jobs. Indeed, the report said that only 13% of girls listed STEM jobs as their top career choice, while 60% said they weren’t clear about which careers were available in those fields.

Ignorance of STEM careers is only a small part of the problem, however. Consider that well over 50% of the graduate students at UCSF medical school are women (64% in 2006), suggesting that women do want to go into STEM careers and many know exactly where to go to prepare themselves. Yet the only 45% of the postdoctoral fellowships went to women and only 40.6% of the faculty positions are held by women, suggesting that even with an awareness of STEM careers and a solid education to prepare for such a career, women are still being left behind.

This is probably due to a combination of factors, including bias. 57% of girls surveyed by the Girl Scouts Institute did recognize that sexism is a problem in STEM fields, saying they would "have to work harder than a man to be taken seriously."

However, women don’t just have to work harder to be taken seriously. They may also have to consider giving up motherhood or be willing to subcontract out much of their mothering responsibilities to nannies or other family members, something that is not always possible, particularly early in one’s career.  Academic science positions are highly competitive and often require more than 60 hours per week to write grants, do research, teach, write and publish articles and participate in university committees and bodies.

Furthermore, once a female scientist has children, she often faces physical barriers that hamper effective mothering and her own health and wellbeing. At the UCSF Parnassus Campus, for example, there are very few places where a woman can go to safely and privately pump breast milk for her child, thus discouraging breast feeding and undermining the health of her child.

In a 2002 survey of UCSF professors, only ¼ of female and 1/3 of male professors felt like their jobs permitted sufficient time for their families, while 75% of women and 60% of men said they have to work an unhealthy and unreasonable amount. Female faculty were also particularly critical of the way the university welcomed new women and felt that there were unfair limits placed on their participation in the university. Furthermore, 50% of women, compared with 10% of men, felt they had faced discrimination.

Monday, December 12, 2011

Today in Labor History—December 12


December 12, 1805 - William Lloyd Garrison was born on this date. Garrison was a leader in the abolition movement and published the Liberator, which had as its motto: "Our country is the world—our countrymen are mankind." (From Workday Minnesota)

December 12, 1973 – Women members of United Steelworkers of America (Local 1066) protested sex discrimination, in Gary, Indiana. (From the Daily Bleed)

Thursday, October 13, 2011

Are Girls and Boys Really All That Different (Part I)?


In honor of the one-year anniversary of Modern School, I'm reposting some of my favorite articles from the past year. The following is a fun quiz that brings up some interesting questions about gender, sexuality and our assumptions and biases. Try the quiz and then read Are Girls and Boys Really All That Different (Part II), which I'll repost tomorrow.
 
Can You Tell The Difference Between Boys and Girls?

Chances are you can’t tell the difference between baby boys and baby girls, especially if they are wearing gender neutral or ambiguous clothing. My students take the following test at the beginning of our genetics and reproduction unit.It's a fun way to introduce the subject and tie it into bigger social issues.

Test your gender IQ. Take the Baby X Test below.

Directions
Get out some scratch paper and record the number of the image
Record your answer (male or female)
Answers are given at the end of the test

Baby #1 (Image by Sean Drelinger)
Baby#2 (Image by Peasap)
Baby #3 (Image by MiriamBJDolls)
Baby #4 (Image by Wesley Oostvogels)
Baby #5 (Image by massdistraction)
Baby #6 (Image by hexodus)
Baby #7 (Image by Bram and Vera)
Baby #8 (Image by Mehregan Javanmard)
Baby #9 (Image by Badruddeen)
Baby #10 (Image by almoko)



Scroll down to see the correct answers




Answers
Baby #1 = female; Baby #2 = female; Baby #3 = male; Baby #4 = male; Baby #5 = female; Baby #6 = male; Baby #7 = female; Baby #8 = male; Baby #9 = male; Baby #10 = female.


Analysis
Most people score somewhere near 50% on similar tests. The reason is that babies have not yet developed any secondary sexual characteristics (e.g., facial hair, breasts) and, without any gender-identifying cues (e.g., pink or blue clothing; bows or ribbons), a baby’s gender is not obvious (without taking of the diaper, of course). Yet babies start to pick up gender cues almost immediately. Adults often treat babies differently depending on their gender (e.g., tone of voice, types of play). The babies observe their surroundings, how other children and grown ups dress and behave, advertisements, television. Our assumptions and prejudices influence how our children develop their own gender identities, but so does their environment and society .

See Comments Thread at Democratic Underground
What are the implications of our assumptions and prejudices around gender?

Tuesday, October 11, 2011

Educational Pseudoscience and Reform Mumbo Jumbo


In order to make educational reforms seem more compelling, advocates attempt to serve them smothered in data. The problem is that very little educational research is done with double blind, randomized samplings or adequate controls, drawing into question the validity of the data collected, as well as the assertions made in their support. Furthermore, many of the “self-evident” and “obvious” assumptions and premises upon which these reforms are based are simply not true.

As a consequence, there are numerous popular reforms being imposed on teachers and children, often at great cost in time, stress, money and resources, without good reason to believe that they will improve learning outcomes.

Fortunately, the scientific community is now jumping into the educational reform fracas, with a number of good critiques of some of this bogus research. Science, one of the world’s preeminent scientific journals, has been particularly good about covering educational reform research, especially since Bruce Alberts took over as editor. (Alberts, by the way, has been a strong supporter of k-12 science education and has initiated or supported a number of great programs, including the Science Education Partnership, which matches SFUSD science teachers with professional scientists for summer internships where they learn new techniques and develop curriculum and lab activities for their students.)

Single-Sex Silliness
A lot has been made about the “benefits” of single-sex (SS) schooling. We have all heard about how boys dominate the discussions in science and math classes or how boys lack the “innate” communication and writing of girls. If such assumptions were true, SS schooling might make sense as a way to encourage and promote girls’ science and math skills, or boys’ literacy skills. However, not only is there no validity to the premise that boys and girls have innate cognitive differences, but there is no evidence that SS schooling improves their learning outcomes.

In “The Pseudoscience of Single-Sex Schooling,” (September 23, 2011, issue of Science), Diane Halpern and her colleagues examine the research on single-sex schooling and show that there is no evidence to support SS schools or classrooms. According to Halpern, et al, studies in Great Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, all found little difference between single-sex and coeducational schooling. They argue that SS schooling has been justified by cherry-picked and misinterpreted data, anecdotes, sample bias and other methodological flaws. More importantly, they provide evidence that sex segregation actually increases gender stereotyping and legitimizes institutional sexism.

One common flaw in studies of SS education is the assumption that students in SS classes are equivalent to those in coeducational classes. However, students in SS schools are often more advanced academically than their peers in coed classes, thus inflating performance outcomes and providing an invalid comparison. Underperforming students also tend to transfer out of SS schools early, further skewing the data.

Bias is Implicit in Most Ed Reform
There are also biases inherent in studies of single sex schools (as in all reform programs). One example is the tendency to be motivated by novelty and belief in the innovation.

The novelty bias is implicit in virtually all educational reform efforts. This bias is intensified when reforms are co-designed by teachers themselves or when there is a strong consensus in support of initiating the reform. I remember several years ago being involved in the creation and implementation of Smaller Learning Communities (SLCs) at a high school where I was teaching. We put in weeks of full-time work during the summer and worked incredibly long hours during the school year in order to get the program up and running. When we realized that our students were not performing any better, despite the “obvious” and “common sense” reforms of smaller class sizes, increased collaboration, and greater personalization of educational services, we volunteered to do even more extra work during evenings and weekends to help these students succeed and make the program a success. We also tried things we never tried with our students prior to the implementation of SLCs, like allowing all students to retake all exams and rewrite all essays and lab reports for full credit.

All of these “extras” invalidated any meaningful comparison. It was impossible to tell why the students were performing the way they were. Was it the structure of SLCs, the increased personalization, the smaller class sizes? Or was it the extra long hours the teachers put in or the test corrections and rewrites and other “extras” that the SLC students were entitled to, but which were denied to the non-SLC students?

Another confounding factor with reforms is that they often attract a particular clientele and very rarely have a truly randomized sampling of students. When parents hear about smaller class sizes, for example, many jump at the opportunity to enroll their kids. However, affluent parents are more likely to have the time, self-confidence and knowledge of how to “work” the system to go through the process, thus skewing the data.

Common Sense Does Not Equal Truth
Halpern, et al, quote a teacher from a SS sex who believed that neurological studies have proven that boys and girls learn differently. This is a common misconception among teachers, parents and the public. In reality, neuroscientists have found very few differences between the brains of girls and boys. The differences they have found could be due to upbringing and sex-differentiated life experiences (e.g., being give dolls versus trucks to play with and experiencing gender targeted advertising). They have not found any significant gender differences that are “hard-wired” into kids’ brains and certainly nothing that justify differential teaching methods.

An even more popular misconception is the notion that teachers are the single greatest factor influencing students’ academic success. While this idea seems self-evident and obvious, the actual quote upon which it is based is that teachers are the most important “in-school” factor. In reality, academic success is influenced much more heavily by a student’s socioeconomic background and other outside of school factors than by teachers.

Improving teacher quality is not a bad thing. It is, however, an extremely inefficient way to improve schools and academic achievement if growing numbers of children are continually allowed to grow up in poverty. We would likely see much greater improvements in academic achievement and shrinking of the achievement gap through social reforms that reduce the wealth gap, than through any school- or teacher-based reform.

Nevertheless, the overwhelming majority of reforms focus on teaching. One of the most popular current reforms is Value-Added Measures of teacher quality, the idea that teacher quality can be measured by improvements in student achievement, which are presumed to be caused by their teacher(s).

Science published a good review of the research on Value-Added Measures by Douglas N. Harris, in the August 12, 2011 issue. He concludes that the salient research questions about Value-Added cannot be answered by the studies that currently dominate the literature.

Perhaps the most significant variables that are unaccounted for by Value-Added measures are the out-of-school factors that influence a child’s potential to learn, focus, pay attention and follow through on lessons. These variables are highly correlated with ethnicity, and even more so with family income. Burkam and Lee, for example, found that average cognitive scores of affluent kindergartens were 60% higher than those in the lowest income group. Hart and Risely found similar class-based differences in language development and IQ among children as young as three. Both studies suggest that an achievement gap is already firmly in place well before kids enter school.

This achievement gap can be reduced through programs like pre-school, Head Start, and extensive literacy development. However, when kids start school this far behind their peers, they are less likely to develop the self-efficacy and confidence necessary to thrive in school or catch up. Furthermore, the achievement gap can grow over time due to enriching summer, weekend and evening activities that may be more accessible to affluent children and which allow them to make gains over their peers when they aren’t even in school.

Harris points out that there is no consensus on how to calculate a value-added score. The correlation across various methods for measuring value-added is as low as 0.27, suggesting that some (or all) are not very good measures of teacher quality. He also notes that there is considerable imprecision in value-added measures due to sampling and measurement errors in students’ test scores.

As a result, value-added can at best only distinguish between teachers at the extremes of the performance distribution, something that a good administrator ought to be able to assess through the traditional observation and evaluation system. However, those in the middle would be virtually indistinguishable from each other. Likewise, value-added measures are unstable from year to year, with one study finding only 28-50% of the highest 1/5 of teachers retaining that status the following year.

As appealing as it is to have accurate statistical or quantitative measures of teacher performance, it is not currently possible with existing methods or formulae and the value-added model ought to be thrown into the dustbin of pseudoscience history, along with the discredited notion of SS education.

Rather than continuing to waste billions of dollars and subjecting educators to so much extra work and stress to implement poorly studied reforms with questionable data and analyses, we would likely see much greater educational improvements through social programs that reduce poverty and provide greater funding to schools.